History of the US before 1877 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the US before 1877 - Research Paper Example There was also American interest to expand west, which was currently owned by Great Britain as well as blockades against America due to the war with France. Many historians consider the War of 1812 to be the second American Revolution due to the fact that once the war started; America was again fighting for its right to be a sovereign nation. Unlike the American Revolution, the fighting took place by both land and sea. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. One of the many changes that occurred both during and after the war was the political system of the United States. This change is important due to its step in the progression of United States politics (Grodzinski 2008, 28-51). The development of politics prior to the war of 1812 was a crucial step once the United States achieved its independence from Great Britain. Under George Washington, there was no real party system, however some of the main arguments about the constructs of government existed, which wo uld still radiate through the history of the development of the United States. Since the country had just fought a war from independence from a monarchy, this was the last type of system of government that they wanted. The biggest debate was the idea of states’ rights and power versus the power of the federal government. Each side had a different attitude as far as how the country should be run, how the economy should develop, and how we should deal with foreign nations. This difference in attitude is what leads to the development of the first party systems in the United States, which carry on to current day. The other main problem that George Washington addressed when he left office was his advice to stay away from partisanship. Nevertheless, a two-party system emerged in American politics. Prior to the War of 1812, the two main political parties in the United States were the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalist Party favored a strong centrali zed government, whereas the Democratic-Republican Party was in favor of states’ rights. One of the newest ways in which political information and propaganda was through newspapers, which could now be mass-produced using the printing press. As a result, the people were more involved with events happening in the legislature. This furthered the growth of political coalitions and support. The Democratic-Republican Party was extremely anti-European in that they wanted nothing to do with Great Britain and supported the war. The Federalist combated this with the Jay Treaty, which was a way of trying to forestall war, which inevitably came (Hickory 1989, 72-100). After the United States won the War of 1812, the era known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† came about over the United States. This is one of the only times in United States history in which there was only one main power player in the political system, which was the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, lost a majority of its support and eventually became non-existent. The lack of partisanship was ushered by President Monroe, who like Washington, was not in favor of partisanship in government. Even though the majority of the period between from 1817 to 1825, attitudes were starting to shift would eventually lead to the debate over whether slavery should exist or not. Unfortunately, this crisis was only averted for a short amount of time with the passing of the Missouri Compromise, which

Operating Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operating Systems - Term Paper Example Other operating systems emerged in 1956 such as the one developed by General Motors wing of research, referred to as GMNAA I/O. In the mainframe era, operating systems such as SCOPE were in the market as early as 1960s, as developed by Control Data Corporation. Other developments later experienced for the computer at that age include PLATO, EXEC, MCP, GECOS, Multics and TOPs among others. Later, advancements in hardware capabilities introduced higher definition operating systems (Bacon, 1989). UNIX was designed and developed in from 1970 by Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie and in five years’ time, it was already in the market. A wide range of versions was designed for different computer types such as IBM PC making it a successful ground-breaking innovation for the OS market (White, 2005). The other remarkable contribution in the evolution of the OS appeared in the computer world in the 1980’s, with the Disc Operating System (DOS) making a lion’s share of the credit. Microsoft (MS) was the company of choice for the development of this innovation, having a better competitive edge when compared with rivals such as Digital Research.MS DOS and PC DOS versions of the Operating System emerged in the 1980’s, and in a span of a decade, some of the most celebrated evolution products such as 1.0, 1.1, 1.25, 2.0, 2.01, 2.1, 2.11, 2.25, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.0, 4.01, 5.0 entered into the market. Microsoft was at the same time designing an OS while DOS revolution was still in continuity. The introduction of Windows began in 1985 but reliance on DOS made it an incomplete version until much later in the 1990’s. Linux was developed in 1991 by a Finnish student making foundational reliance on UNIX, making one of the most successful OS that is sometimes referred to as a UNIX clone. The incorporation of the Linux ideas into the GNU project in 1992 gave it the impetus it needed to be