Criticism and Implication of Classical Approach to Modern Work Environment Free Essay Example, 2250 words

The classical approach of management was widely appraised and accepted and remained popular and practiced throughout the twentieth century. however, despite the popularity and wide acceptance of classical theories, there are some important weaknesses of the approach that invited criticism against the theory and along with time the experts started thinking that the classical approach is no longer effective for the management of workplace matters and there is essential need of developing another management theory that can cover the flaws of the classical management theory (Mullins, 2004, p83). The classical management theory was criticized on some basic issues, for instance, it was argued that the developers of this theory have based their idea on their work experience because Taylor and Fayol both worked with large manufacturing firms having stable environments that could not be generalized to all the working environments. It is also argued that the assumptions made for this theory a re mostly untested because the assumptions were not based upon scientific tests but on the value judgments and beliefs of the theorists. The theory assumes that the life of workers end begins and ends at the plant door and they are always motivated by money and thus they work just for money (Aitken and Hughm 1985, p165). We will write a custom essay sample on Criticism and Implication of Classical Approach to Modern Work Environment or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These assumptions were failed because there are several other important needs besides money that employees want to be addressed by the management but the classical approach does not recognize those needs(Head, 2005, p54). The criticism raised to the classical approach raised the needs of developing another approach for management because the classical approach failed to address some basic and important concerns of the managers and the workers. This dissatisfaction led towards the evolution of neoclassical management approach and some other management theories like the work relation management approach were developed (Kanigel, 1997, p18).

Capital Punishment Of The Criminal Justice System

In the United States, capital punishment has always been the spotlight of many debates concerning the consequences of severe crimes. Although capital punishment is deemed to be acceptable for violent crimes such as murder, there are numerous individuals who oppose the usage of capital punishment against violent offenders. Both proponents and opponents have given countless opinions concerning the deterrence effect of capital punishment. Research studies have also added fuel to the debate in regards to the effectiveness of capital punishment in the criminal justice system. With the differences in between the pros and cons of capital punishment, it is hard to come to a concrete conclusion on whether or not if this element serves its purpose in the penal system. This paper will further discuss if capital punishment is effective in deterring violent crimes as well its implications for the future. As common knowledge, the word â€Å"punishment† is usually used to describe something that is a painful consequence or outcome based on one’s actions and/or poor decision-making. In the criminal justice system, â€Å"punishment’ is a sanction that is opposed on offenders for committing a criminal offense (Banks, 2013). Thus, the utilization of capital punishment is not new when it comes to the element of punishment. Capital punishment can be traced all the way back to ancient Greece. For example, Socrates was tried and executed for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth (Ristroph, 2009,Show MoreRelatedThe United States Incarceration System1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States incarceration system is a structural foundation of punishment in which is formed by robust authoritarian power. The United States criminal justice system is not an institution to be underestimated, as it represents the highest incarceration rate of all world nations at a staggeri ng 700 inmates per 100 thousand citizens (Krisberg, 7). Based on the social and political structure of democracy in the United States, it is argued that incarceration systems should follow the same roots ofRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1530 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation University of Phoenix Contemporary Issues and Future in Criminal Justice People in society continuously change therefore people continue to evolve as our perceptions change. In this paper the student will assess the past, present, and future trends in the interface between elements of the criminal justice system. In the assessment the student will evaluate the criminal justice connections with surrounding society. The student will identifyRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Deterring Future Crimes814 Words   |  4 Pagesof criminal justice. Hundreds of convicted criminals have seen their fate by the hands of capital punishment in the course of United States history. Hundreds of others are still awaiting the day their sentence will be carried out. However, even though many of Americans still believe the principal role of capital punishment is deterring future crimes, thousands of others condemn the United States criminal justice system for its errors and fallacies, which result in erroneous capital punishment decisionsRead MoreCapital Punishment and the Med ia1249 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment and the Media Xavier Mendez Professor Collica JUS110 September 12, 2011 Capital Punishment and the Media In today’s society, the capital punishment known as the death penalty has played a major role in the criminal justice system. It has brought important debates to the national attention in every aspect to whether end the lives of criminals. With the intense media coverage, it raised high standards on disputes on high profile cases such as serial killers. The attentionRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishmentRead MoreBanning Capital Punishment in the United States Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesBanning the use of capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment (the death penalty) is a legal procedure which is known as the most severe punishment where the law authorizes execution as a punishment for criminals (Gerald, 2008). Many people claim that allowing such a punishment will help decrease the crime rate, and also give closure to the victim’s family, but if you as American citizens analyze this situation in more detail you can see that taking a life for taking a life is moreRead MoreEssay on Ethical and Historical Analysis of Capital Punishment1545 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment â€Å"[dates] as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified [Capital Punishment] for 25 different crimes,† so it is no surprise that it is still used today (â€Å"Early Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). In the U.S, Capital Punishment has been legalized in 32 states since 1996. Capital Punishment is not as inhumane as it sounds; it is limited under the 8th amendment in the U.S . Contrary to most beliefs, Capital Punishment is not used on every case of rapistsRead MoreThe Canadian Justice System And Capital Punishment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Canadian justice system in its views on capital punishment. Two men, Arthur Lucas, and Ronald Turpin was to be executed in Canada for committing crimes. Both had been accused of committing murder, Lucas for killing an officer while fleeing a robbery and Turpin for murdering an undercover narcotics officer. Both were hanged back to back at midnight and buried side by side with no marking on their graves. Lucas and Turpin were the last to be executed under capital punishment and since thenRead MoreThe Death Penalty is An Effective Weapon Against Crime Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of capital punishment.  Ã‚   Many people believe that it no longer serves out its intended purpose of deterring crime.   Others believe that the death penalty is an inhumane act of violence and that it should be banished from the justice system all together.   The thought of playing God also is another aspect of the situation.   Despite these allegations however, the facts still remain.   The death penalty deters crime, stops repeat offenders, and gives Americans a real sense that justice has beenRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe case for capital punishment Topic: why capital punishment should continue General purpose: To argue Specific purpose: my main aim is to convince the audience that capital punishment should be upheld. In other, the advantages of capital punishment outweigh its disadvantages. Introduction Capital punishment is also known as death penalty and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Throughout history, the death penalty has been used to punish a number of crimes that include murder

How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States Free Essays

It is no surprise that Buddhism has been embraced by the Americans with gusto. The Buddha was a man of ethics. And, the Chinese bodhisattva is a lady of compassion. We will write a custom essay sample on How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such are the deep values that the American peoples have cherished over the ages – moral principles coupled with compassion. The Chinese bodhisattva, in particular, is a great inspiration for the Americans. She is Kuan Yin: She Who Hearkens To The Cries Of The World (Blofeld, 1997). Is this not the present definition of America as well in global affairs? Zen Buddhism has acknowledged that ‘All is One. ’ In other words, there is no essential difference between the different kinds of Buddhism practiced in the United States today. Rev Patti Nakai writes that the American female followers of Tibetan Buddhism have been at the forefront of dealing with women’s issues. To put it another way, the American woman is trying to closely follow She Who Hearkens To The Cries Of The World. The American man, too, is following her lead, by voicing his agitation at injustices throughout the world, and supporting his government in struggling for human rights everywhere. The American women, while fighting for women’s rights, do not hesitate in mentioning Shakamuni’s denunciation of women to prove their point, however. Shakamuni knew women as mere objects before it was explained to him that women, too, should be given a chance to grow in spirituality, simply because everything in this world is impermanent. Finally, Shakamuni did agree to respect women – he had seen impermanence in the death of his father. Before this event, he had been taught that women were akin to animals that are trained to breed, nurture, and How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 3 entertain the opposite sex. Shakamuni had seen all the women in his life – from his stepmother to his wife, to all the dancing girls and servants of his palace, as creatures that lived solely to please men. The change came only when Shakamuni was told by Ananda, â€Å"Give women a chance; we cannot say for sure that they will fail unless they have a chance to study and follow the Dharma† (Nakai). In any case, it was the aunt of Shakamuni Buddha who became the first Buddhist nun and an inspiration for the American Buddhist women apart from Kuan Yin (Nakai). On the other hand, the American man is inspired by Shakamuni Buddha himself, who can learn and grow based on new experiences without turning back to his time of ignorance. This time of ignorance is experienced by every soul; the Buddhist American man delights in the fact that there truly is no turning back once he has had a chance to study and practice the straightforward, uncomplicated and harmless Buddhist principles. Yet another reason why American women have embraced Buddhism is that the Buddhist concept of karma, with its emphasis on self-knowledge, has become a powerful source in helping them overcome the hardships they faced in life. American women believe that by employing the Buddhist concept of karmic retribution, they hold themselves responsible for the tragedies in their lives. These women have now come to believe that those tragedies are of their own making – that they have created their own suffering. Practicing Buddhism, then, is a form of ‘psychological healing,’ by means of which they not only engage in the Christian expression of ‘Know thyself’ but also begin a process of self-renewal. Sharon A. Suh (2004), the author of Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple further writes that the Buddhism of psychological healing for female practitioners at the Korean How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 4 Buddhist, Sa Chal Temple in the United States, differs from the Buddhism understood by the male practitioners, who do not understand Buddhism as an emotional and fortune-seeking religion like the women do. Rather, the American man appears to show more interest in the intellectual and political approaches to Buddhism. He wants to genuinely understand how Buddhism can be used to further the interests of his nation besides improving his position/ situation in the home and workplace. American Style Buddhism There are two main types of Buddhism being practiced in the United States today: the Asian immigrant Buddhism and the American convert Buddhism. On the surface level, the only difference between the two forms of Buddhism lies in the respective languages spoken by each group. On a deeper level, there are quite a few differences in the way each group comprehends Buddhism. The practices of each group differ but naturally. In our day, there is an increasing body of scholarly research and writings on the American convert Buddhism, and although the American individual wants to look at all kinds of Buddhism, he or she is left with no choice but to engage in American style Buddhism. The American is, no doubt, expected to understand his or her language more clearly, apart from the benefits of easy identification with American style expressions (Suh). Converting to another religion always requires study. The American Buddhist is not naive either. All styles of Buddhism (and all religions, in fact) look upon the welfare of the individual with respect to the human society, as well as the welfare of the human society with respect to the individual, as their chief interest. The American Buddhist is not only practicing different kinds How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 5 of meditations to be at peace with himself and the world; but, as mentioned previously, also to fight for human rights in the United States and across the world, albeit peacefully. Karma Lekshe Tsomo writes on the women’s rights issue at the forefront of Buddhism: Since 1987 Buddhist women from around the world have begun to unite on a grassroots level and assume leadership in working for the welfare of human society. Now, just fifteen years later, the Buddhist women’s movement is recognized as a highly dynamic forum representing over 300 million women worldwide. This movement, emerging from the margins into the international spotlight as a force for social change, is an example of how women can unite their resources and talents, work in harmony, and make significant contributions to global understanding. This innovative movement focuses on Buddhist women’s issues and perspectives, but embraces all living beings. It is innovative in incorporating scholarly perspectives, spiritual practice, grassroots activism, and cultural performance as equally valid dimensions of women’s experience. Creating a forum that unites women from such a rich variety of backgrounds, disciplines, and perspectives with respect and appreciation is an expression of women’s enormous potential for global transformation (â€Å"Women Practicing Buddhism†). Buddhism looks upon itself as a religion of peace. But, for there to be overall peace within the individual and the human society, all issues of importance to the individual must be dealt with in a peaceful and amicable manner. The American would not feel satisfied until he has dealt with issues that concern himself. It is difficult for this individual to feel at peace until he or she has intelligently tackled the human rights issues in society, for example, sexual discrimination. After all, the American has converted to Buddhism keeping its benefits in mind. This individual would not settle for less, just as the Buddha never sacrificed his principles. The American Buddhist would like to experience peace at home, peace at work, and peace in the community at large through his or her conversion to Buddhism. Inequality and discrimination, as an example, have stolen peace at many levels. But, Buddhism is encouraging How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 6 the American to be true to Self, and to be at ease in every situation in order to successfully engender peace. Karen Andrews, an American Buddhist woman, explains the meaning of discrimination in Buddhism itself: Buddhism has, throughout its history, slowly moved east, from India through China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Japan. Most recently, it has begun its jump across the ocean to the United States. With each move, the expression of Buddhism has changed to suit the culture of the people. Buddhism has not yet been in the United States (or any other Western country) long enough to develop into a clear new form, suitable for Western culture. There are many aspects of traditional Buddhism which need slight adaptation in order to be accepted within the complex structures of Western society. One of the areas of traditional Buddhism which modern Western Buddhists find the most problematic is the area of gender. In most Asian Buddhist traditions, the leaders and teachers are all male, while females are given less prestigious roles. Western Buddhists tend to come from highly educated and socially liberal backgrounds, which means that they tend to feel that men and women are equal and should be given equal opportunities in all endeavors. This difference of opinion between Western and Asian Buddhists causes a certain amount of tension. Even though the American woman loves Buddhism for the freedom, dignity and peace it allows her to enjoy, this Eastern religion is also disadvantageous in terms of Buddhist patriarchy. To take control of this disadvantage, many American women have pioneered a gender-neutral and gender-free way of understanding and practicing Buddhism. This has been made easy by the fact that Buddhist teachings do not revolve around divine revelations that would allow for no change in the understanding and practice of Buddhism. American women who have been raised to hate discrimination, have chosen to ignore the obvious sexist practices in Buddhism by following a middle path. In so doing, however, they have ensured that they do not step out of Buddhism altogether (Boucher, 1998). The American Buddhist men have agreed with the American Buddhist women on this issue. They have been taught to hate discrimination, too. How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 7 And so, American Buddhism does not face a dire problem of discrimination within the institution itself. Besides, peace is helpful; and hence, Buddhism is good news in America. How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States? 8 References Andrews, Karen. Women In Theravada Buddhism. Institute of Buddhist Studies, Berkeley. Retrieved 25 June 2007, from http://www. enabling. org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews. html. Blofeld, John. (1997). The Bodhisattva Of Compassion: The Mystical Traditions Of Kuan Yin. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. Boucher, Sandy. (1998). Turning the Wheel: American Women Creating the New Buddhism. (1st rev. ed. ). New York: Beacon Press. Nakai, Rev. Patti. Women in Buddhism. Urban Dharma. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from http://www. urbandharma. org/udharma/womenbuddhist. html. Suh, Sharon A. (2004). Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple American Ethnic and Cultural Studies Series. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Women Practicing Buddhism: American Experiences. Smith College. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from http://www. smith. edu/buddhism/index. php. How to cite How is the practice of Buddhism expressed in the United States?, Papers